Bitcoin, the pioneering cryptocurrency that has captured global attention, conceals a multifaceted framework called the Bitcoin Protocol Stack beneath its digital facade. In this enlightening article, ...

What is a network protocol? Most textbook writers state something like this: A network protocol is a set of guidelines or standards for the operation of network devices, the methods of operation, and ...

Dec. 13: The layer-1 blockchain COTI unveiled plans to become the "first privacy-preserving Ethereum layer-2," according to the team: "To better serve the needs of Web3 companies and consumers, COTI ...

Layering protocols are modeled using layering structures that mirror the protocol layers. There are significant challenges in modelling verification components for layering protocols such as (1) reuse ...

The cryptocurrency marathon started in 2009 from the initial release of Bitcoin -- the first decentralized cryptocurrency. By definition, a decentralized system operates with no servers and each ...

In the natural world, species that share the same ecosystem often compete for resources, resulting in the extinction of weaker competitors. A new computer model that describes the evolution of the ...

In the past few newsletters, we described in considerable detail the mechanisms that are in place in TCP to ensure efficient transport of information. In particular, we concentrated on the ability of ...