The whole is equal to the sum of its constituent parts. That's how everything works, from galaxies to planets to cities to molecules to atoms. If you take all the components of any system and look at ...

Are the fundamental constants really constant? Recent investigations have shown that one essential fundamental constant -- namely the mass ratio of protons to electrons -- can have changed only by a ...

Atoms are very small. They have a radius of around 1 × 10 10 metres. This symbol shows that chlorine has 35 particles in the nucleus (protons and neutrons), 17 of which are protons. It also tells us ...

Gear-obsessed editors choose every product we review. We may earn commission if you buy from a link. Why Trust Us? Researchers just found out where the secret mass of protons is located. Physicists ...

Only 1% of the mass of the proton comes from the Higgs field. ALICE scientists examine a process that could help explain the rest. When protons and nuclei inside the Large Hadron Collider smash ...

A proton’s mass is more than just the sum of its parts. And now scientists know just what accounts for the subatomic particle’s heft. Protons are made up of even smaller particles called quarks, so ...

A proton’s valence quarks (blue, red, and green), quark-antiquark pairs, and gluons (springs). Scalar gluon activity (pink) extends beyond the electric charge radius (orange) that surrounds the ...

Atoms are the fundamental components of matter, made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The structure of atoms determines the properties and behavior of different ...